Explore forward & reverse bias with a real AC generator circuit. Watch the ammeter and voltmeter respond live. Switch to Wired mode to build multi-diode series experiments.
Bias Mode
AC Generator
Peak Amplitude5.0 Vp
0.1V15V
Frequency50 Hz
10 Hz500 Hz
Circuit Parameters
Series Resistor (R)100Ω
10Ω10kΩ
Temperature25 °C
0°C100°C
Silicon Diode (1N4007)
Is (sat. current)1×10⁻¹² A
n (ideality factor)1.0
Vf (typical)0.7 V
Vt at 25°C25.85 mV
Shockley Equation
I = Is · (e^(V/nVt) − 1)
📡 Live Circuit — AC Generator · Series R · PN Diode · Meters
⬜ CUT-OFF— Increase amplitude or check bias mode
Ammeter — Series Circuit
0.00mA
Voltmeter — Across Diode
0.000V
📈 V–I Characteristic Curve
〜 Waveform — Vin / Vd / Id vs. Time
Key Observations
KNEE VOLTAGE
≈ 0.7 V for Silicon
Below this: no significant current
SHOCKLEY EQ.
I = Is·(e^(V/nVt) − 1)
Exponential conduction
TEMP EFFECT
↑ T → ↑ Vt → curve shifts
Higher temp = easier conduction
🔌 Wired Sandbox Controls
Add PN diodes in series. Flip polarity. Observe how stacking affects voltage drop and current. Understand why single diodes are standard.
Generator Settings
Peak Amplitude5.0 Vp
0.1V15V
↑ Adjust amplitude in Wireless panel
Wired Circuit Readings
AMMETER
0.00 mA
VOLTMETER (across all diodes)
0.000 V
💡 Learning Notes
🔵 Forward diodes in series add voltage drops (~0.7V each). More diodes = more total Vf required.
🔴 One reverse diode in a series chain completely blocks current — the chain is broken.
⚡ Standard circuits use single diodes for predictable 0.7V forward drop and full control.
🔧 Component Library
Drag components to the canvas to build circuits
⚡ How to Wire Components:
Drag components from this palette to the canvas
Click a blue connection point (it turns green)
Click another connection point to complete the wire